Iraq Exchange Rate Mechanism

Adam Montana

We’re hearing a lot of buzz on the ERM, or Exchange Rate Mechanism for Iraq. I talked about it in chat this morning but wanted to take a moment and point you in the right direction if you wanted to research Iraqi Exchange Rate Mechanism and what it means for the Reval of the Iraqi currency.

(Here’s the link to the chat: http://dinarvets.com/forums/showthread.php?t=5945)

I also posted another article that does a great job of explaining some history on currencies, and ties it to Iraqi Dinar. See that one here: http://dinarvets.com/forums/showthread.php?t=5950

ERM, or Exchange Rate Mechanism, generally refers to the EU before they went to a common currency: the Euro. This Exchange Rate Mechanism was an agreement to keep the values of the currencies of the members of the European Economic Community tightly grouped, within +/- 2.25%. If any of the currencies went outside of that range, financial institutions were designed to step in and take action to bring the currency back into range.

Definition of ERM on business dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exchange-rate-mechanism-ERM.html

Let’s play a little “Connect The Dots”… we already know that there is talk of a Common Middle Eastern Currency, known as the Gulf Dinar.The Iraqi Dinar Exchange Rate Mechanism, if implemented, could be the start of stabilizing the Exchange Rate of the Iraqi Dinar prior to bringing it into the GCC, where a union of countries will support each other financially to ensure a value within a small fluctuation rate. This is known as “semi-pegging”.

So, if Iraq is looking at an ERM, and the goal of an ERM is to keep the currencies in the group (or coalition, as it is in this case) on a level par with each other, what is the likely course for the Dinar at this point in time?

Quite simply, it has to be closer to the value of the other currencies in the “basket” in order to be withing a +/- 2.5% range. If this is the plan, I wouldn’t be surprised to see either an RV very soon, OR a rapid rise in value to get it up to the rate it needs to be at in order to match the other GCC member’s currencies.

Possible speculation and proposals on the Gulf Dinar put it about 2-3 years out. If Iraq does not RV overnight, they need time to grow the currency and avoid a huge shock to their economy, so things need to start happening soon.

One thing we know for sure is that we have not seen any movement on the Dinar in over a year, and at the same time we’re hearing about stuff like an Iraqi Dinar ERM. I can only imagine that means one thing: Something is in the works.

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42 responses to "Iraq Exchange Rate Mechanism"
Stephen said:
January 11, 2010

Hi Adam

Sounds good but i dont mean to burst the bubble, have you read this today it knocks down the rv rather fast

http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L13385342.htm

When are you posting the rest of your report from the meeting in Dubai???

Regards

Steve

January 11, 2010

Stephen: That link is from 2007. The Dinar has risen since that article was posted, so anybody who invested at that time made money if they held till today. I strongly believe that anyone who invests today will also be ahead in 2 years from now, just like the people who invested in 2007 at the time of that article.

January 11, 2010

Oh, and regarding the Dubai trip – I’m not at liberty to give exact details at this time, so I can’t give a date.

Joe said:
January 11, 2010

I just hope this brings us closer to our goal.

Jason53818 said:
January 11, 2010

Thanks Adam, i always look forward to reading your articles.

Carla said:
January 11, 2010

You Guys really need to pay attention to when something is dated? Thanks Adam!

Scott said:
January 11, 2010

Adam,

Thanks for the information. The more aware we can be concerning the ins and outs of the dinar rv, along with pertinent background, the better we can make wise decisions.

Marv said:
January 11, 2010

Adam: For entry #3 – Do you mean the date for the RV or the date for implementing an ERM?

Trent said:
January 11, 2010

Marv I think he meant the date for telling us the rest of the Dubai story. We’ll see.

[...] Original post: Iraq Exchange Rate Mechanism | Iraq Dinar Speculation [...]

Joe said:
January 11, 2010

I thought it was said the 12th for the ERM.Not positive on that I read something that said this week.

Jeff said:
January 11, 2010

Hello Adam, what is with dinarvets.com? It seems to be down..

Joseph said:
January 11, 2010

Parliamentary: Iraq has received a loan of $ 7 trillion dinars to cover the deficit : Alaa al-Sadoun said Deputy Chairperson of the Finance Committee in the House of Representatives that the World Bank and IMF special drawing rights and made a loan to Iraq Bmlbg 7 trillion Iraqi dinars to bridge the fiscal deficit. Said Saadoun, a member of the Accordance Front, said: “The fiscal budget deficit of 21 trillion Iraqi dinars. Sntdark and recycled it through my existing budget of the past year. And the budget in 2010 was calculated on the basis that the price of a barrel of oil to $ 62,5, and the price The current oil is $ 73 a barrel. and this difference would reduce the fiscal deficit.” Saadoun predicted: “The vote is on the budget for the current year next week.” In this case, Something gotta give soon. And, The IMF could of just told then to RV! and the budget would not be affected.

Joseph said:
January 12, 2010

Talabani calls from Kuwait into account feelings of Iraqis & extinguish the debt : President Jalal Talabani called on Kuwaitis to respect the feelings of the Iraqis, and Estpsohm, confirming that all or most of the world had turned off the debts on Iraq, is it not the right Brothers Iraq – Kuwait Kuwait should be the initiator of such a step and they know that the Iraqi people to have sinned in the aggression on Kuwait, “Talabani said in an interview with the Khaleej Times newspaper frankly, we have Kurds and majority Shiites believe firmly the independence and sovereignty of Kuwait, so I hope the Brotherhood officials in Kuwait to strengthen this conviction, the majority of the Iraqi people.And said, “I consider myself a friend of Kuwait has requested the officers and soldiers of the Kurds who were part of the Iraqi army during Saddam’s invasion of Kuwait and to help people and you can ask your brothers from the positions of Kuwaiti officers and soldiers, then the Kurds.Talabani also said that I am asking of our dear Kuwaitis to observe the feelings of Iraqis, neither Estpsohm, that all or most of the world had turned off the debts on Iraq, is it not the right Brothers Iraq – Kuwait Kuwait should be the initiator of such a step and they know that the Iraqi people to have sinned in the aggression against Kuwait and so I reject the label «Iraqi invasion», because in fact «invasion did not want to collide when most Iraqis».Is not it the right of Iraqis to Iatbwa on their fellow non-Kuwaitis for their investment of compensation in the Iraqi arena – at least – and we pay the wealth of Iraqis who have nothing to do with Saddam’s crimes that the Iraqi people pay for it before anyone else Albahi sacrifices?

Joseph said:
January 12, 2010

THIS IS A GOOD NEWS EVERYONE, ISN’T IT. ON MONDAY, JANUARY 11, 2010. IQD already rises from 1 US$=1170 IQD to US$ 1= 1111.1 IQD.
1 US Dollar(s) = 1111.1 Iraqi Dinar(s)
1 IQD = 0.000900009 USD
1 USD = 1111.1 IQD
We all hope in a week or a month ahead that it will rise and rise until at least US1=1 IQD.

Joseph said:
January 12, 2010

ON MONDAY, JANUARY 11, 2010. IQD already rises from 1 US$=1170 IQD to US$ 1= 1111.1 IQD.
1 US Dollar(s) = 1111.1 Iraqi Dinar(s)
1 IQD = 0.000900009 USD
1 USD = 1111.1 IQD
We all hope in a week or a month ahead that it will rise and rise until at least US1=1 IQD.
YOU CAN CHECK THE RATE AT: http://www.iraqnewsworld.com. I hope that prove me wrong. Please tell me if this rate isn’t true on this website.

sa$$afra$$ said:
January 12, 2010

Joseph, I check currency rates at http://www.xe.com since they have no ties to any particular currency. You’ll have to click on More Currencies available to bring it up. It’s showing a rate of 1168.00 per USD.

Does anyone have a better site?

jwb (joanna) said:
January 12, 2010

ok, adam, I bought your book :-)

I have not had any access to news for a few days — Frank26 is not reporting, Kelleys Bogspot is silent — where can I go for news??

I thought (HOPED) that by now you would have sent me access to your VIP Book Buyers member site, PLEASE HURRY! (I know it’s only been like 10 minutes, but I’m feeling the drought :-)

Your comments made me think you have been doing this stuff awhile, what is your background? Meaning experience more than academics :-)

oh, good news! have just read about the auction.

So, I guess if the book is not going to be done for a wk, and you are taking orders now, you don’t expect the rv to happen before then (is that right?). Also, I wondered, could you send people the files that you already have?? that way we can start to get up to speed :-) Sure glad you’ve done this: GREAT IDEA!!

I’m the person who asked if you thought it would be a good move to put some RV’d dinar directly in some vietnamese dong? I never found my answer, but I’m sure that’s my lack of forum naviagational skill!

I would love to learn more about currency plays. It doesn’t seem like there are many ways for a “little guy” to compete anymore — but currency may be one arena :-)

I’m under the weather with a dreadful cold, please make my day with an answer (and any new updates you have :-) Joanna

Marv said:
January 12, 2010

Joseph: Who are you, if I may ask? Where do you live? What are the sources of your information?

Dany said:
January 12, 2010

Why is it so difficult to find a current valid IQD exchange rate to USD online? I have been looking for a while and can’t find anything.

Brad said:
January 12, 2010

Well, while that website soes show a rate of 1 – 1111. If you look at their historical chart it hasn’t moved over the past year. That just seems to be their rate..

Joseph said:
January 12, 2010

Hillary Clinton on Iraqi Dinars : Clinton urges US investment in Iraq. Clinton announced that the State Department was launching a US-Iraqi internship program in January 2010. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on encouraged US businesses to invest in Iraq, saying that country’s potential is “palpable”. Addressing the Iraq Investment and Business Conference in Washington, Clinton touted investment opportunities in Iraq. “Iraq sits at a global crossroads, and it is a country that, because of its religious and ethnic diversity, has a great potential for connecting up far beyond its own borders in terms of investments and other kinds of opportunities,” she told the business forum. The conference, organized by Washington, is aimed at facilitating contacts between US and Iraqi companies, businessmen and regional leaders from around Iraq. According to AFP, some 750 projects will be presented to potential investors.“For decades, Iraq has been disconnected from the global economy because of war and sanctions. Now we see the potential. And it is one that is based in broad economic growth, fueled by but not limited to oil production,” said Clinton. “And we believe strongly that economic development will go hand-in-hand with an increasing and very clear commitment to democracy,” she added. At the same time, Clinton underscored the importance of Iraq creating “safe and attractive conditions” for international investors. “That of course begins with holding national elections in January that are safe, free, and fair,” she told the conference, which was attended by Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. She also said that a comprehensive hydrocarbon law was vital for regulating the oil sector. “As the Iraqi Government continues to make its reforms, I urge US businesses to really see all of the progress that has been made,” Clinton said, pointing to an improved security situation and stronger conditions for investment.
“The world is watching for every opportunity to invest in Iraq, and companies that wait too long may discover they are too late,” she added. Clinton announced that the State Department was launching a US-Iraqi internship program in January, which will place young Iraqi in technology start-ups in the United States, exposing them to “an entrepreneurial spirit” and helping them develop skills to use at home. All American can invest in Iraq by buying Iraqi Dinars, it is legal and you can invest today. The historical value of the Dinar has been over $3.00, today is under a penny. By buying a 25,000 Dinar note today for $27 after the revalue it could be worth $75,000. The new Dinar notes, Printed in Britain, are designed with the most up-to-date anti-counterfeit features, which includes watermarks, raised letters, security thread, and an optical variable ink along with other variations to deter counterfeiters. Isn’t it a good news, everyone?

Trent said:
January 12, 2010

Okay Joseph I’m calling bull shit.
I have read Hillary Clinton’s comments and she did not say to buy Iraqi dinar. Period. The above story was reported but not the portion I copied below.
All American can invest in Iraq by buying Iraqi Dinars, it is legal and you can invest today. The historical value of the Dinar has been over $3.00, today is under a penny. By buying a 25,000 Dinar note today for $27 after the revalue it could be worth $75,000. The new Dinar notes, Printed in Britain, are designed with the most up-to-date anti-counterfeit features, which includes watermarks, raised letters, security thread, and an optical variable ink along with other variations to deter counterfeiters. Isn’t it a good news, everyone?
If I am wrong show me the link to the original story.

jj said:
January 12, 2010

Unless you’ve been living under a rock, most know of the dinar and what it’s all about as an investment. If this is Joesph merely pumping up the hype surrounding the dinar, one could decipher that “HE” is a paid pumper. Or, he could be just someone who wants to see as many people take advantage of the dinar investment as possible. Personally, I think he’s the former, not the latter.

Sirkirk said:
January 12, 2010

The book is for dummies, you guys need it. LOL

Joseph said:
January 13, 2010

Trent: you can read and check the whole news about Hillary Clinton on Iraqi Dinars at http://www.blackhillsportal.com. I hope this website will satisfy you. And, I hope I was wrong about the information on this website. I would be honor if you please let me know if this information isn’t true.

Attakhalil said:
January 13, 2010

Joseph,
I am sorry to say that the article seems to be illegitimate. The advertisement for Direct Dinar down the link confirm its suspicious nature. If you stil believe the news..fine…for me, it is unconvincing. Thanks for your feeds anyway. Regards.

Joe said:
January 13, 2010

Here the only link you need to check the rate.
http://www.cbi.iq

jake said:
January 13, 2010

hey everyone. the marines are officially almost out of iraq. good news for me and good news for the iqd. hope everyone had a great and happy holidays.

Rob said:
January 13, 2010

well back in december about the 9th i heard it rvd at 3.27 after 12:00 a.m. so got on the phone to get me a flight to bagdad during the flight i guess it devalued because when i landed people began laughing !! it was kinda embassassing

Trent said:
January 13, 2010

Sirkirk I am a dummy and I did order it. Should be here friday.
If someone is intentionally posting misleading information then they need to be called on it.
Joseph if it was an honest mistake then I sincerely apologize.
With that said does anyone have any information about friday Jan. 15h, the alleged ERM date?

Sirkirk said:
January 13, 2010

Trent you seek the truth. That makes you smart in my book. You will learn to eat the chicken and spit out the bones. Go to the IMF website and other sites and you will learn a lot. Learn, Learn, Learn.

Joseph said:
January 14, 2010

North Korea’s surprise decision to redenominate its currency has prompted panic and despair among merchants left with piles of worthless notes, even driving one couple to suicide, activists said today.North Korea informed citizens and foreign embassies on Monday that it would redenominate its national currency, the won, diplomats said. Residents in the reclusive communist state were told they have until Sunday to exchange a limited amount of old bills, they said.The news sent Pyongyang residents rushing to the black market to convert hoarded bills into US dollars and Chinese yuan, South Korea’s Yonhap news agency reported, citing unidentified North Korean traders operating in neighbouring China.
Shops, bathhouses, barber shops and restaurants have closed, activists said.“We heard business and market activities were all suspended,” said Lee Seung-yong, an official at Good Friends, a Seoul-based civic group that sends food and other aid to North Korea. “People have no money to engage in business.”Authorities have threatened “merciless punishment” for anyone violating currency exchange rules, Good Friends said.The overhaul of the North Korean won – the most drastic in 50 years – aims to curb runaway inflation and clamp down on the street markets that have sprung up in the tightly controlled nation, analysts said.Unable to feed its 24 million people, the regime began allowing some markets in 2002, including farmers’ markets.
The markets may have encouraged trade but they also brought in banned goods such as films and soap operas from South Korea, threatening leader Kim Jong-il’s totalitarian rule, analysts said. The country’s largest wholesale market, in Pyongyang, reportedly closed in June.With the currency overhaul, the government is retaking control of the economy from merchants, analysts said.“This is aimed at rooting out the budding private sector,” said Jeong Kwang-min, a research fellow at the Institute for National Security Strategy in Seoul, adding that the move has a broader goal: to pave the way for Kim Jong-il to hand power to his youngest son, Kim Jong-un, and to ensure he inherits a stable economy.Kim, 67, has led North Korea since 1994 but he is said to have suffered a stroke in August 2008.The country has endured economic turmoil since the collapse of the Soviet Union and flooding and economic mismanagement in the mid-1990s. North Korea since has relied on international food handouts and aid negotiated in exchange for promises to dismantle its nuclear programme.Much of that aid has been suspended, and international sanctions tightened, because of Pyongyang’s nuclear defiance.The currency overhaul comes just days before President Barack Obama’s envoy on North Korea visits Pyongyang to try to persuade the regime to return to nuclear disarmament talks.North Korea announced on state radio that the exchange rate would be set at 100 old won to 1 new won, one foreign diplomat said. Residents will only be allowed to exchange 150,000 won for the new currency, according to South Korea’s Joong Ang Ilbo newspaper and other media outlets monitoring North Korean radio.Cash in excess of the allowed amount must be saved in government-run banks, but it was not clear if residents could change that money into new bills, according to South Korean media.A stampede in Hoeryong, in the north-east, nearly forced the suspension of trains, with guards blocking the entrance to a bank in the city, the Seoul-based Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights said, citing unidentified sources.In North Hamgyong province, a merchant couple in their 60s killed themselves after hearing of the revaluation, said the Daily NK, a Seoul-based online news outlet that focuses on North Korean affairs.Yoo Ho-yeol, a North Korea expert at Seoul’s Korea University, said he did not expect any further drastic measures. He said: “Other kinds of private economic enterprise will eventually spring up again.” Well actually they revalued the currency with a 2 zero lop and wiped out all cash hoarders and speculators.100 won was revalued to 1 won. The offical rate was 135 won to $1. The new rate will be ~1.35 to $1. 7 days to turn in the old won for the new won. After that the old won is worthless. Citizens are limited to cashing in 150,000 won which is ~ $1111.00. The black market rate was 2000-3000 won to the dollar. The new rate should be 20-30 won to the dollar, that is if speculator have anything left to speculate with. You can probably get a 1,000,000 old won to $1 as there is little time left in the 7 days. does anyone ever hear about RV of the WON?Oh my god, no wonder making money from RV sounds profitable. I just wonder how many speculators out there are getting very rich overnight just from the RV of the WON. Oh my god, I wonder which country that the currency will be RV soon. Anyone has the answer….

Carla said:
January 14, 2010

Adam Today is the 14th so has this happened yet? Thanks so much!5. The programmed rate of 1170 IQD to the dollar is set to expire on January 12, today. This needs to be verified because I did not provide the link proving this. However,
6. The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) is scheduled to come into affect for Iraq on the 12th, the same day that the programmed rate expires.

Steve said:
January 14, 2010

Just because the Vietnamese dong is cheap to buy, remember they are a comnewmist country and will keep their exchange rate low to help their exports the same as China
I did have a few years ago 50 million Vietnamese dong in the 10,000 dong notes but I unloaded them for the same price as I paid for them, as I wanted to get more funds into my Warka account to buy more shares in the ISX

To open an account in Iraq with the Al Warka Bank for Investment, only needs you to send one Email

OK here we go with the short version of a long story

1, print a copy of your Passport or drivers liesence open so you can see your Picture, Address and your signature, print off a copy

2, Get anyone to sign it to say that you are you

3, Scan it in as an attachment to the Email you send to, ifrd@warka-bank-iq.com

4, You will get your account number and details on how to fund your account sent to you by Email in a few days

So do not get suckered into paying for info that is available for free if you just look for it

The ISX is good to be in as today I have just got 20% free shares in the Electronic Industries and as I have 800,000 shares the 20% free shares comes to 160,000 free shares valued at 3.370 each or thats IQD 539,200 dinars worth of free shares or at least $500 for me doing nothing at all, money for old rope when you are in the ISX, I am makeing money hand over fist as I have over 14,000,000 shares in 33 companies on the ISX, I LIKE IT, I LIKE IT A LOT come to daddy ohh yea
JOKE
Your dog is barking to come in the back door and then your wife is banging on the front door to come in, who do you let in first
The dog of course as it will shut up as soon as its in

Joe said:
January 16, 2010

HaHaHaHa thats funny Steve.

Joseph said:
January 18, 2010

What happens to the ERM?Adam said that the ERM will take a place jan 12. Today it is already 18 and is it already RV or not? anybody knows about ERM here…..What is the rate today, anyone here knows….

Rick said:
January 18, 2010

Ok anybody want to comment on the last dinar auction that is set to mature in June with a 5.% profit in I think it was july?

Joe said:
January 19, 2010

I haven’t seen anything on the ERM and I’ve look everywhere.

Joseph said:
January 20, 2010

OPEC seeks using euro in oil deals. Tuesday, January 19th 2010 7:39 AM. Tehran, Jan. 19 (AKnews) – Iran’s representative to OPEC says the group weighs replacing the dollar by the euro in crude oil pricing, adding that no decision has been made. “Members of OPEC are free (to use any currency) in their oil transactions,” said Mohammad Ali Khatibi on Sunday. He added that Iran receives 90 percent of its oil revenues in currencies other than the US dollar. Iran’s President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ordered in September 2009 the replacement of the US dollar by the euro in the country’s foreign exchange accounts. Earlier, the Islamic Republic of Iran had announced that the euro would replace the greenback in the country’s oil transactions. Also, Iran’s Trade Promotion Organization announced in 2009 that it would completely exclude the US dollar from the country’s foreign revenues and reserves. Iran has recently asked Japan to replace the US dollar with the yen in oil deals it has with the Islamic Republic. The constantly declining value of the dollar and persisting economic crisis in the US has encouraged many countries to drop the currency in favor of a more stable one. Saudi Arabia, South Korea, China, Venezuela, Sudan and Russia have taken steps to replace the US dollar in their foreign exchange reserves. Earlier in November, the head of Iran’s Bank Melli (BMI) said Iran’s Central Bank and BMI have entered into negotiations with some countries and international banks regarding the use of the Iranian rial, the official currency of Iran, in international transactions and operations. Well in this case, will there be a possibility that Iraq will also use a EURO to replace the US Dollar, like what Iran did?Anyone here has better opinion…..Also, is there a possibility too that IQD will be RV using EURO to replace US Dollar one day?Anyone can help to answer it……

Joseph said:
January 22, 2010

HI EVERYONE HERE. i WANT TO TELL YOU ABOUT THE CBI SPECIAL IMPORTANT BULLETIN AT:http://www.cbi.iq/pdf/bulletin f.pdf Can everyone here tell me that does this CBI BULLETIN has something to do with the RV…….

Joseph said:
January 22, 2010

I know that this news was already happened last year in the summer, but have everyone already read this news. Firstly, Sorry I don’t mean to scare everyone about this news. This is from last summer, just come across it, sure someone would have posted it but personally not seen it before but may have been on one of many breaks!
Interesting all the same. A coin eh? This brings up loadsa thoughts. A 25k dinar note is worth around $21. The smallest coin currently is 25 worth about $0.021.
Conscious / Central Bank: The version of a coin soon
مدير الموقع Site Manager
حجم الخط: Font size: Decrease font Enlarge font
واع/ بغداد /ح.ب Conscious / Baghdad / h. B
29/8/2009 3:08pm 29/8/2009 3:08 pm

أعلن مصدر مسؤول في البنك الم An official source at the Central Bank العراقي أن البنك سيصدر قريبا Iraqi that the bank will be issued soon العملة المعدنية للأسواق وبشكل أفضل بعد إصلاح نظام إدارة العملة إصلاحا شاملا . Coin of the markets and better after the reform of the currency management system overhaul. وأضاف المصدر لمراسل ( وكالة انباء الاعلام العراقي/واع ) ان”عملية إصدار العملة The source of the reporter (news agency, Iraqi Information / conscious) that “the process of issuing the currency المعدنية Mineral المدورة Recycled من السياسات النقدية Of monetary policy الجيدة سنعود إلى إصدارها قريبا بعد القضاء على بعض المعوقات إضافة إلى انه يجب Good will come back to be issued soon after the elimination of some constraints as well as it should أن تكون هناك بيئة اجتماعية That there will be a social environment اقتصادية مهيأة لتقبلها Ready to accept economic في السوق وهناك أمر آخر انه لابد من وجود In the market and there is something else that has to be a وسائل دفع لنظام المدفوعات Means of payment for the payments system العراقي Iraq الذي غاب عن السوق Who was absent from the market العراقي أكثر من 17عام ،مشيرا إلى ان المصارف العراقية غير مهيأة حاليا لاستقبالها لعدم Iraqi more than 17 years, pointing out that the Iraqi banks are currently not equipped to receive non – وجود أجهزة عد وفرز وتصنيف وخزن ،منوها إلى إن العراق بدأ يخطو نحو الأمام لإصدارها A counting device, sorting and classification and storage, noting that Iraq has started to take forward for publication ولكن لابد من أن نضع صورا كاملة لدى الجمهور But they have to put the pictures in full public عن هذا الإصدار “. From this version. ” Does anyone here has any opinion about this…..

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